Legislative Update: Phasing Out AFFF Foam Fire Extinguishers

Phasing Out AFFF Foam Fire Extinguishers: What You Need to Know

by Callum Doolan-McCullough

Many recent reports and articles have surfaced regarding the use and ban of AFFF (aqueous film-forming foams). Unfortunately, this has led to misunderstandings and misinformation. It's become challenging to determine what's actually happening.

Below, we will explain the recent developments surrounding the upcoming ban, how it will impact businesses, and whether you truly need a foam extinguisher.

Understanding the Ban on AFFF

In 2022, the Environment Agency released a document concerning compliance and guidance on PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic acid) in Class B foam extinguishers. This document indicated that all AFFFs must be removed from service by July 4, 2025.

However, this guideline mainly targets fire-fighting foams containing PFOS (Perfluorooctane sulfonate), PFOA, and PFHxS (Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid). These chemicals are generally found in fixed fire suppression systems and certain foams used by fire brigades.

Current information from manufacturers suggests that portable foam fire extinguishers produced after 2016 do not contain these restricted chemicals. If your fire extinguishers have been regularly serviced, replaced, or refilled every five years, they are likely compliant. Therefore, they will not be affected by the new legislation, allowing them to be used beyond the July 2025 deadline.

Further consultation is ongoing to establish a date for phasing out AFFF in portable fire extinguishers containing PFHxA. However, it's very unlikely that this will happen before 2030, so it shouldn't be a major concern at this time.

What are AFFF Extinguishers?

AFFF extinguishers are designed to combat Class A fires, which involve flammable solids such as wood, paper, and textiles. They also tackle Class B fires, which include flammable liquids like petrol, diesel, and paint.

These extinguishers work by forming an aqueous film and a foam barrier over the fire. The foam consists of water mixed with specific chemicals that allow it to spread effectively. This foam creates a thin film over burning liquids, cutting off oxygen and suppressing vapors, effectively extinguishing the fire. Additionally, the foam blanket prevents re-ignition by isolating the fuel from air.

Unfortunately, AFFF foams do not break down easily in the environment. Their ability to spread quickly in water can cause widespread environmental damage. Adverse health effects are also linked to PFAS (Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) exposure.

It's crucial to note that while foam extinguishers are excellent for tackling flammable liquid fires, their effectiveness diminishes if the fire is not contained. In cases of 'running fuel' fires, where fuel spills occur, the foam may not create a sufficient barrier. Instead, it can run off the liquid, failing to suppress the fire and potentially creating a more hazardous situation.

Do I Need Foam Extinguishers?

The straightforward answer is: probably not. Foam extinguishers are primarily designed for Class B fires, which involve flammable liquids in open containers. While they are used in specific industries, the majority of workplaces will likely never need foam extinguishers. For instance, how often do you encounter an open container of fuel in a hotel, office, shopping center, or hospital?

"But don't foam extinguishers also tackle Class A fires?" Yes, they do. However, water is often a better choice since it’s less messy and more environmentally friendly. Additionally, most foam extinguishers are found alongside CO2 extinguishers. CO2 extinguishers not only combat electrical fires but are also effective on Class B fires without leaving any mess and are non-toxic.

Why Do Many Sites Still Have Foam Extinguishers If They Don’t Need Them?

This question has a lengthy answer, but here’s the brief version:

When foams first entered the market in the late 1970s and early 1980s, they provided better fire ratings in smaller quantities. Thus, businesses could avoid using heavy 9-liter water extinguishers. Instead, lighter and more compact foam extinguishers could achieve similar coverage. However, the introduction of water sprays, mists, and water additive extinguishers in the 1990s allowed water extinguishers to become less bulky while maintaining the same fire rating.

One reason foams remain in workplaces that don't require Class B coverage is that extinguisher salespeople often worked on commission. As a result, selling foam extinguishers—typically more expensive than water ones—was more profitable for them. Additionally, some technicians performing annual services may only service or replace existing extinguishers without conducting a complete assessment of what is genuinely needed on-site, which has allowed foams to persist as long as they have.

Are There Alternatives to Foam?

Yes, there are alternatives. For Class A fires, water or its variants can suffice. However, for class B fires, several other extinguishing agents are available, including:

Dry Powder Extinguishers

Also known as ABC powders, these extinguishers release a chemical powder that interrupts the fire's chemical reaction. This makes them effective for various types of fires, including solid fuels (A), flammable liquids (B), and flammable gases (C). They also have a fast 'knockdown' rate and work well on running fuel fires. This is why you'll typically find these at petrol stations.

CO₂ Extinguishers

Carbon dioxide extinguishers work by displacing oxygen and smothering the fire. They are suitable for Class B fires and are highly efficient in dealing with electrical fires.

Choosing the right alternative depends on the unique fire risks in your environment and the type of materials present. Your extinguisher servicing company should conduct a thorough assessment of your site during each visit. They can provide recommendations for alternatives that are more suitable.

Conclusion and Summary

Hopefully, this information clarifies some confusion regarding the use of AFFF extinguishers. You've learned whether you need a foam extinguisher on your premises. If you still feel uncertain or prefer a quick summary, here it is:

Q&A Summary

• Q. Do I have to replace my foam extinguishers by July?

A. No, if they have been regularly serviced or replaced since 2016.

• Q. Is foam likely to be banned in the future?

A. Almost certainly, but this likely won’t happen for a few more years.

• Q. Do I actually need a foam extinguisher?

A. Probably not.

• Q. Can KVF now provide annual servicing of fire extinguishers by a qualified technician at a very reasonable price?

A. Yes! Contact our friendly team for more information at 0330 133 2977 or info@kvf-consultants.co.uk.

• Q. Where can I read more about Class A & B fire ratings?

A. Learn more here.

Sources:

The UK Fire Association: www.uk-fa.org/

Fire Industry Association (FIA): www.fia.uk.com

Look out for our regular blogs, and if there are any topics you'd like to see covered, let us know at info@kvf-consultants.co.uk.